一 | 专题：《联合国防治荒漠化公约》第十七次缔约方大会 新浪财经ESG评级中心提供包括资讯、报告、培训、咨询等在内的14项ESG服务，助力上市公司传播ESG理念，提升ESG可持续发展表现。点击查看【ESG评级中心服务手册】 新浪财经 张傲/发自乌兰巴托 《联合国防治荒漠化公约》第十七届缔约方大会（COP17）于8月17日至28日在蒙古国乌兰巴托举办。大会期间，联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）土地权属团队负责人、高级土地权属事务官沃德·安西尤（Ward Anseeuw）对话新浪财经时表示，牧区治理不应走土地私有化和个体确权的老路，而应以集体权利为核心，允许同一块土地在不同时间、不同用途下，由不同主体灵活使用。 COPENHAGEN, Denmark -- Dozen of activists protested Wednesday at Norway's parliament to express frustration over the Norwegian government's failure to shut down a wind farm they say endangers the way of life of Sami reindeer herders.At the center of the dispute are the 151 turbines of Europe’s largest onshore wind farm, which is located in central Norway’s Fosen district, about 450 kilometers (280 miles) north of Oslo. The activists say a transition to green energy shouldn’t come at the expense of the rights of Indigenous people. They have demonstrated repeatedly against the wind farm's continued operation since the Supreme Court of Norway ruled in October 2021 that the construction of the turbines had violated the rights of the Sami, who have used the land for reindeer for centuries.”The trust of Sami in the state is at a breaking point,” activist Ella Marie Hætta Isaksen said Wednesday. “It is absurd, because the reindeer owners of Fosen won in court. The government simply does not respect the democracy.”A group of about 20 Sami, many dressed in traditional garments, entered the parliament building and started chanting in a central hallway. Norwegian broadcaster NRK said some protesters chained themselves outside the building and hundreds had gathered on the main street leading up to Norway's parliament, the Storting. Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre has acknowledged “ongoing human rights violations” and the government has repeatedly apologized for failing to act despite the Supreme Court ruling. Energy Minister Terje Aasland wrote Wednesday on Facebook that it was the Norwegian government's responsibility to find a solution.“However, the demolition of all wind turbines at Fosen now, as the protesters demand, is not relevant,” Aasland wrote. The protesters want the wind mills removed from their land.In June, activists protested outside Gahr Støre's office. They occupied the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy for four days in February, and later blocked the entrances to 10 ministries.。 安西尤指出，牧民流动性强，土地由集体共同使用。
二 | 因此，管理制度应尊重牧民祖辈相传的集体权利和使用习惯，不宜照搬普遍采用的土地登记办法。普遍采用的办法要求将每块地登记到个人名下，但牧区土地在多数情况下并不属于某一个人，因此并不适用。
三 | 安西尤认为，要改变这种以个人登记为核心的做法，需要做到两点。第一，不能只承认个人，而要承认牧民集体对土地的权利，尊重他们祖辈相传的放牧和使用习惯。第二，不能只保护“这块地归谁所有”这一种权利，还要保护放牧、通行、采集等多种权利。他引用“权利束”（bundle of rights）概念说明，土地上的权利并非单一，而是多种权利并存。因此，保护土地权利时要更灵活，既要考虑牧民、农户等不同群体，也要考虑不同的权利类型。 安西尤举例说，在蒙古，大约从五月到九月可以放牧，但一年中的其他时间，同一片土地可能会有其他用途，也可能由不同的人来使用。在非洲热带地区也是如此：某些季节土地用于放牧，其他季节同一片土地可能被围起来用作农田，禁止牲畜进入，之后又重新开放。也就是说，不同的人可以在一年中的不同时间，对同一块土地享有不同的权利。 在安西尤看来，牧区土地制度不应只问“这块地归谁”，而要承认集体权利和多种使用权，并根据不同季节、不同用途灵活安排。这才是更适合牧区的可持续土地管理方式。 新浪财经ESG评级中心简介 新浪财经ESG评级中心是业内首个中文ESG专业资讯和评级聚合平台，致力于宣传和推广可持续发展，责任投资，与ESG（环境、社会和公司治理）价值理念，传播ESG的企业实践行动和榜样力量，推动中国ESG事业的发展，促进中国ESG评估标准的建立和企业评级的提升。 依托ESG评级中心，新浪财经发布多只ESG创新指数，为关注企业ESG表现的投资者提供更多选择。同时，新浪财经成立中国ESG领导者组织论坛，携手中国ESG领导企业和合作伙伴，通过环境、社会和公司治理理念，推动建立适合中国时代特征的ESG评价标准体系，促进中国资产管理行业ESG投资发展。责任编辑：王进和。
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